Date of Award

5-10-2026

Date Published

June 2026

Degree Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department

Psychology

Advisor(s)

Tanya Eckert

Keywords

Dynamic Assessment;Writing Apprehension;Writing Assessment;Writing Intervention

Subject Categories

Education | Educational Psychology

Abstract

Writing apprehension refers to fear or anxiety associated with writing tasks, avoidance of writing, and concern over evaluation of written works (Daly & Miller, 1975c). Although extensively studied in college-aged populations, where elevated apprehension is linked to reduced text production (Limpo, 2018) and diminished sentence complexity and quality (Faigley et al., 1981), research in elementary students remains limited. Existing studies have relied on adaptations of the Writing Apprehension Test (Daly & Miller, 1975c), originally validated for adults, and have typically employed cross-sectional designs, leaving the developmental trajectory of writing apprehension underexplored. To address these gaps, the present study examined changes in writing apprehension across a multi-session, empirically supported writing intervention and evaluated the relationship with writing performance using a revised, developmentally appropriate measure. Results indicated that writing apprehension remained stable across sessions and was not significantly associated with writing performance in the full sample. However, grade-level analyses revealed significant negative associations between apprehension and writing productivity for third- and sixth-grade students, not for fourth-grade or fifth-grade students. The revised measure demonstrated strong internal consistency across sessions. These findings suggest that while the intervention did not reduce writing apprehension, developmental differences may moderate the relationship between apprehension and writing performance. Future research should investigate these mechanisms across varied instructional contexts and age groups to better understand how writing apprehension influences early writing development.

Access

Open Access

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