ORCID
Nick Bowman: 0000-0001-5594-9713
Jaime Banks: 0000-0002-7598-4337
Document Type
Manuscript
Date
1-6-2026
Language
Human-Robot Interaction and Collaboration, avatar robot, emotions, scale development, teleoperation, user experience
Disciplines
Communication Technology and New Media
Description/Abstract
Extant work on human-machine relations indicates humans experience variably social relations with machines. However, there is yet no systematic framework for considering the potential sociality of relations between teleoperators and controlled robots, in addition to their functional associations. We bridge that gap by initially validating a proposed-butuntested measurement model of teleoperator/avatarrobot interaction (the TARX scale) inspired by gamebased player-avatar relations. In a lab-based study of human operators’ subjective experiences in remotecontrolling a robotic arm, we find support for the hypothesized factor structure comprising four dimensions: Relational closeness, anthropomorphic autonomy, critical concern, and sense of control. Results demonstrate the coherence of socioemotional dimensions of operator experience in addition to cognitive and performance considerations.
Recommended Citation
Banks, J., Harper, R., & Bowman, N. D. (2026). Initial validation of the Teleoperator-Avatar Robot Interaction Scale (TARX), Proceedings of Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences 59. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/111469
Source
submission
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
